Describe measurement in quantum mechanics.

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In quantum mechanics, measurement is the process of observing a quantum system, which forces its state to collapse from a superposition of possibilities into a single definite outcome. Before measurement, a quantum system can exist in a combination of states (e.g., a qubit can be in both $|0⟩$ and $|1⟩$ at once). However, when measured, the system “chooses” one state according to the probability amplitudes defined by its wavefunction.

Mathematically, if a qubit is in the state $\psi = \alpha|0⟩ + \beta|1⟩$, with $|\alpha|^2 + |\beta|^2 = 1$, then measuring it will yield:

• 0 with probability $|\alpha|^2$,

• 1 with probability $|\beta|^2$.

After measurement, the qubit collapses into the observed state, losing the original superposition. This collapse is non-reversible, meaning measurement fundamentally alters the system.

Measurement is also tied to the observer effect: the act of observing influences the outcome. In multi-qubit systems, measurement can reveal correlations due to entanglement, where measuring one qubit instantly affects the state of another, even at a distance.

In quantum computing, measurement is the final step of an algorithm, converting quantum information into classical bits for interpretation.

👉 In short, measurement in quantum mechanics extracts definite outcomes from probabilistic quantum states but destroys superposition in the process, making it central yet limiting in quantum experiments and computing.

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